2004), separate models are estimated for women and men the analyses include tests of hypotheses about sex differences in the nature of SES-health relationships. Finally, because relationships between SES and health may differ for women and men ( Dohrenwend et al. Furthermore, because relationships between SES and health unfold dynamically over the life course ( Graham 2002), the analyses are based on data that include observations of individuals’ SES and health from childhood through late adulthood, and utilize structural equation models that allow for explicit tests of the various hypotheses about how SES and health are related. 2005), I analyze the relationships between SES (as measured in a variety of ways) and three distinct health outcomes: self-assessed overall health, musculoskeletal health and depression. 1997) and across health outcomes ( Dohrenwend et al. Because the merits of these alternative hypotheses may vary across measures of SES ( Alder and Ostrove 1999 Marmot et al. This research provides information about the merits of the social causation and health selection hypotheses. That is, they have sought out the mediating variables through which SES operates to affect health and/or vise versa. Does SES primarily affect health (the “social causation” hypothesis) or does health primarily affect SES (the “health selection” hypothesis)? Or, do they affect one another reciprocally or dynamically across the life course? And to what extent are observed associations between SES and health spurious owing to factors that subsequently influence both SES and health (the “indirect selection” hypothesis)? Second, researchers have investigated the mechanisms that intervene in SES-health relationships. First, as reviewed below, they have investigated competing hypotheses about the nature of the causal relationship between SES and health. In recent decades, researchers have pursued two related lines of inquiry in order to better understand relationships between SES and health. Inverse relationships between socioeconomic status and health have been documented for as long as public health researchers and others have been making observations (e.g., Chaplin 1924 Coombs 1941 Villerme 1840 Virchow 1848).
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